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NEW QUESTION 51
In an online transaction processing system (OLTP), which of the following actions should be taken when erroneous or invalid transactions are detected?
- A. The transactions should be processed after the program makes adjustments.
- B. The transactions should be dropped from processing.
- C. The transactions should be corrected and reprocessed.
- D. The transactions should be written to a report and reviewed.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Section: Analysis and Monitoring
Explanation/Reference:
In an online transaction processing system (OLTP) all transactions are recorded as they occur. When erroneous or invalid transactions are detected the transaction can be recovered by reviewing the logs.
As explained in the ISC2 OIG:
OLTP is designed to record all of the business transactions of an organization as they occur. It is a data processing system facilitating and managing transaction-oriented applications. These are characterized as a system used by many concurrent users who are actively adding and modifying data to effectively change real- time data.
OLTP environments are frequently found in the finance, telecommunications, insurance, retail, transportation, and travel industries. For example, airline ticket agents enter data in the database in real-time by creating and modifying travel reservations, and these are increasingly joined by users directly making their own reservations and purchasing tickets through airline company Web sites as well as discount travel Web site portals.
Therefore, millions of people may be accessing the same flight database every day, and dozens of people may be looking at a specific flight at the same time.
The security concerns for OLTP systems are concurrency and atomicity.
Concurrency controls ensure that two users cannot simultaneously change the same data, or that one user cannot make changes before another user is finished with it. In an airline ticket system, it is critical for an agent processing a reservation to complete the transaction, especially if it is the last seat available on the plane.
Atomicity ensures that all of the steps involved in the transaction complete successfully. If one step should fail, then the other steps should not be able to complete. Again, in an airline ticketing system, if the agent does not enter a name into the name data field correctly, the transaction should not be able to complete.
OLTP systems should act as a monitoring system and detect when individual processes abort, automatically restart an aborted process, back out of a transaction if necessary, allow distribution of multiple copies of application servers across machines, and perform dynamic load balancing.
A security feature uses transaction logs to record information on a transaction before it is processed, and then mark it as processed after it is done. If the system fails during the transaction, the transaction can be recovered by reviewing the transaction logs.
Checkpoint restart is the process of using the transaction logs to restart the machine by running through the log to the last checkpoint or good transaction. All transactions following the last checkpoint are applied before allowing users to access the data again.
Wikipedia has nice coverage on what is OLTP:
Online transaction processing, or OLTP, refers to a class of systems that facilitate and manage transaction- oriented applications, typically for data entry and retrieval transaction processing. The term is somewhat ambiguous; some understand a "transaction" in the context of computer or database transactions, while others (such as the Transaction Processing Performance Council) define it in terms of business or commercial transactions.
OLTP has also been used to refer to processing in which the system responds immediately to user requests.
An automatic teller machine (ATM) for a bank is an example of a commercial transaction processing application.
The technology is used in a number of industries, including banking, airlines, mailorder, supermarkets, and manufacturing. Applications include electronic banking, order processing, employee time clock systems, e- commerce, and eTrading.
There are two security concerns for OLTP system: Concurrency and Atomicity ATOMICITY In database systems, atomicity (or atomicness) is one of the ACID transaction properties. In an atomic transaction, a series of database operations either all occur, or nothing occurs. A guarantee of atomicity prevents updates to the database occurring only partially, which can cause greater problems than rejecting the whole series outright.
The etymology of the phrase originates in the Classical Greek concept of a fundamental and indivisible component; see atom.
An example of atomicity is ordering an airline ticket where two actions are required: payment, and a seat reservation. The potential passenger must either:
both pay for and reserve a seat; OR
neither pay for nor reserve a seat.
The booking system does not consider it acceptable for a customer to pay for a ticket without securing the seat, nor to reserve the seat without payment succeeding.
CONCURRENCY
Database concurrency controls ensure that transactions occur in an ordered fashion.
The main job of these controls is to protect transactions issued by different users/applications from the effects of each other. They must preserve the four characteristics of database transactions ACID test: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID for more details on the ACID test.
Thus concurrency control is an essential element for correctness in any system where two database transactions or more, executed with time overlap, can access the same data, e.g., virtually in any general- purpose database system. A well established concurrency control theory exists for database systems:
serializability theory, which allows to effectively design and analyze concurrency control methods and mechanisms.
Concurrency is not an issue in itself, it is the lack of proper concurrency controls that makes it a serious issue.
The following answers are incorrect:
The transactions should be dropped from processing. Is incorrect because the transactions are processed and when erroneous or invalid transactions are detected the transaction can be recovered by reviewing the logs.
The transactions should be processed after the program makes adjustments. Is incorrect because the transactions are processed and when erroneous or invalid transactions are detected the transaction can be recovered by reviewing the logs.
The transactions should be corrected and reprocessed. Is incorrect because the transactions are processed and when erroneous or invalid transactions are detected the transaction can be recovered by reviewing the logs.
References:
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 12749-12768). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing
and
http://databases.about.com/od/administration/g/concurrency.htm
NEW QUESTION 52
Which of the following is NOT a common category/classification of threat to an IT system?
- A. Hackers
- B. Natural
- C. Human
- D. Technological
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Hackers are classified as a human threat and not a classification by itself.
All the other answers are incorrect. Threats result from a variety of factors, although they are classified in three types: Natural (e.g., hurricane, tornado, flood and fire), human (e.g. operator error, sabotage, malicious code) or technological (e.g. equipment failure, software error, telecommunications network outage, electric power failure).
Reference:
SWANSON, Marianne, & al., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), http://csrc.nist.gov/ publications/nistpubs/800-34-rev1/sp800-34-rev1_errata-Nov11-2010.pdf, June 2002 (page 6).
NEW QUESTION 53
What is the main purpose of Corporate Security Policy?
- A. To transfer the responsibility for the information security to all users of the organization
- B. To provide detailed steps for performing specific actions
- C. To communicate management's intentions in regards to information security
- D. To provide a common framework for all development activities
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
A Corporate Security Policy is a high level document that indicates what are management`s intentions in regard to Information Security within the organization. It is high level in purpose, it does not give you details about specific products that would be use, specific steps, etc..
The organization's requirements for access control should be defined and documented in its security policies. Access rules and rights for each user or group of users should be clearly stated in an access policy statement. The access control policy should minimally consider:
Statements of general security principles and their applicability to the organization Security requirements of individual enterprise applications, systems, and services Consistency between the access control and information classification policies of different systems and networks
Contractual obligations or regulatory compliance regarding protection of assets Standards defining user access profiles for organizational roles
Details regarding the management of the access control system
As a Certified Information System Security Professional (CISSP) you would be involved directly in the drafting and coordination of security policies, standards and supporting guidelines, procedures, and baselines.
Guidance provided by the CISSP for technical security issues, and emerging threats are considered for the adoption of new policies. Activities such as interpretation of government regulations and industry trends and analysis of vendor solutions to include in the security architecture that advances the security of the organization are performed by the CISSP as well.
The following are incorrect answers:
To transfer the responsibility for the information security to all users of the organization is bogus. You CANNOT transfer responsibility, you can only tranfer authority. Responsibility will also sit with upper management. The keyworks ALL and USERS is also an indication that it is the wrong choice.
To provide detailed steps for performing specific actions is also a bogus detractor. A step by step document is referred to as a procedure. It details how to accomplish a specific task.
To provide a common framework for all development activities is also an invalid choice. Security Policies are not restricted only to development activities.
Reference Used for this question:
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 1551-1565). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
and
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 9109-9112). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
NEW QUESTION 54
Which of the following is NOT a type of motion detector?
- A. Photoelectric sensor
- B. Passive infrared sensors
- C. Microwave Sensor.
- D. Ultrasonic Sensor.
Answer: A
Explanation:
A photoelectric sensor does not "directly" sense motion there is a narrow
beam that won't set off the sensor unless the beam is broken. Photoelectric sensors, along
with dry contact switches, are a type of perimeter intrusion detector.
All of the other answers are valid types of motion detectors types.
The content below on the different types of sensors is from Wikepedia:
Indoor Sensors
These types of sensors are designed for indoor use. Outdoor use would not be advised
due to false alarm vulnerability and weather durability.Passive infrared detectors
Passive Infrared Sensor
The passive infrared detector (PIR) is one of the most common detectors found in
household and small business environments because it offers affordable and reliable
functionality. The term passive means the detector is able to function without the need to
generate and radiate its own energy (unlike ultrasonic and microwave volumetric intrusion
detectors that are "active" in operation). PIRs are able to distinguish if an infrared emitting
object is present by first learning the ambient temperature of the monitored space and then
detecting a change in the temperature caused by the presence of an object. Using the
principle of differentiation, which is a check of presence or nonpresence, PIRs verify if an
intruder or object is actually there. Creating individual zones of detection where each zone
comprises one or more layers can achieve differentiation. Between the zones there are
areas of no sensitivity (dead zones) that are used by the sensor for comparison.
Ultrasonic detectors
Using frequencies between 15 kHz and 75 kHz, these active detectors transmit ultrasonic
sound waves that are inaudible to humans. The Doppler shift principle is the underlying
method of operation, in which a change in frequency is detected due to object motion. This
is caused when a moving object changes the frequency of sound waves around it. Two
conditions must occur to successfully detect a Doppler shift event:
There must be motion of an object either towards or away from the receiver.
The motion of the object must cause a change in the ultrasonic frequency to the receiver
relative to the transmitting frequency.
The ultrasonic detector operates by the transmitter emitting an ultrasonic signal into the
area to be protected. The sound waves are reflected by solid objects (such as the
surrounding floor, walls and ceiling) and then detected by the receiver. Because ultrasonic
waves are transmitted through air, then hard-surfaced objects tend to reflect most of the
ultrasonic energy, while soft surfaces tend to absorb most energy.
When the surfaces are stationary, the frequency of the waves detected by the receiver will be equal to the transmitted frequency. However, a change in frequency will occur as a result of the Doppler principle, when a person or object is moving towards or away from the detector. Such an event initiates an alarm signal. This technology is considered obsolete by many alarm professionals, and is not actively installed. Microwave detectors This device emits microwaves from a transmitter and detects any reflected microwaves or reduction in beam intensity using a receiver. The transmitter and receiver are usually combined inside a single housing (monostatic) for indoor applications, and separate housings (bistatic) for outdoor applications. To reduce false alarms this type of detector is usually combined with a passive infrared detector or "Dualtec" alarm.
Microwave detectors respond to a Doppler shift in the frequency of the reflected energy, by a phase shift, or by a sudden reduction of the level of received energy. Any of these effects may indicate motion of an intruder. Photo-electric beams Photoelectric beam systems detect the presence of an intruder by transmitting visible or infrared light beams across an area, where these beams may be obstructed. To improve the detection surface area, the beams are often employed in stacks of two or more. However, if an intruder is aware of the technology's presence, it can be avoided. The technology can be an effective long-range detection system, if installed in stacks of three or more where the transmitters and receivers are staggered to create a fence-like barrier. Systems are available for both internal and external applications. To prevent a clandestine attack using a secondary light source being used to hold the detector in a 'sealed' condition whilst an intruder passes through, most systems use and detect a modulated light source.
Glass break detectors The glass break detector may be used for internal perimeter building protection. When glass breaks it generates sound in a wide band of frequencies. These can range from infrasonic, which is below 20 hertz (Hz) and can not be heard by the human ear, through the audio band from 20 Hz to 20 kHz which humans can hear, right up to ultrasonic, which is above 20 kHz and again cannot be heard. Glass break acoustic detectors are mounted in close proximity to the glass panes and listen for sound frequencies associated with glass breaking. Seismic glass break detectors are different in that they are installed on the glass pane. When glass breaks it produces specific shock frequencies which travel through the glass and often through the window frame and the surrounding walls and ceiling. Typically, the most intense frequencies generated are between 3 and 5 kHz, depending on the type of glass and the presence of a plastic interlayer. Seismic glass break detectors "feel" these shock frequencies and in turn generate an alarm condition.
The more primitive detection method involves gluing a thin strip of conducting foil on the inside of the glass and putting low-power electrical current through it. Breaking the glass is practically guaranteed to tear the foil and break the circuit. Smoke, heat, and carbon monoxide detectors
Heat Detection System Most systems may also be equipped with smoke, heat, and/or carbon monoxide detectors. These are also known as 24 hour zones (which are on at all times). Smoke detectors and heat detectors protect from the risk of fire and carbon monoxide detectors protect from the risk of carbon monoxide. Although an intruder alarm panel may also have these detectors connected, it may not meet all the local fire code requirements of a fire alarm system.
Other types of volumetric sensors could be:
Active Infrared Passive Infrared/Microware combined Radar Accoustical Sensor/Audio Vibration Sensor (seismic) Air Turbulence
NEW QUESTION 55
Which security model uses division of operations into different parts and requires different users to perform each part?
- A. Bell-LaPadula model
- B. Biba model
- C. Clark-Wilson model
- D. Non-interference model
Answer: C
Explanation:
Section: Access Control
Explanation/Reference:
The Clark-Wilson model uses separation of duties, which divides an operation into different parts and requires different users to perform each part. This prevents authorized users from making unauthorized modifications to data, thereby protecting its integrity.
The Clark-Wilson integrity model provides a foundation for specifying and analyzing an integrity policy for a computing system.
The model is primarily concerned with formalizing the notion of information integrity. Information integrity is maintained by preventing corruption of data items in a system due to either error or malicious intent. An integrity policy describes how the data items in the system should be kept valid from one state of the system to the next and specifies the capabilities of various principals in the system. The model defines enforcement rules and certification rules.
The model's enforcement and certification rules define data items and processes that provide the basis for an integrity policy. The core of the model is based on the notion of a transaction.
A well-formed transaction is a series of operations that transition a system from one consistent state to another consistent state.
In this model the integrity policy addresses the integrity of the transactions.
The principle of separation of duty requires that the certifier of a transaction and the implementer be different entities.
The model contains a number of basic constructs that represent both data items and processes that operate on those data items. The key data type in the Clark-Wilson model is a Constrained Data Item (CDI). An Integrity Verification Procedure (IVP) ensures that all CDIs in the system are valid at a certain state.
Transactions that enforce the integrity policy are represented by Transformation Procedures (TPs). A TP takes as input a CDI or Unconstrained Data Item (UDI) and produces a CDI. A TP must transition the system from one valid state to another valid state. UDIs represent system input (such as that provided by a user or adversary). A TP must guarantee (via certification) that it transforms all possible values of a UDI to a "safe" CDI.
In general, preservation of data integrity has three goals:
Prevent data modification by unauthorized parties
Prevent unauthorized data modification by authorized parties
Maintain internal and external consistency (i.e. data reflects the real world) Clark-Wilson addresses all three rules but BIBA addresses only the first rule of intergrity.
References:
HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, Chapter 5: Security Architecture and Design (Page 341-344).
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark-Wilson_model
NEW QUESTION 56
......
